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Buckyballs and Nanotubes

 

What Are Nanotubes?

Nanotubes, as with many of the topics I write about on this site, was a difficult subject for me to grasp. (Everything I know about chemistry can be found in a bartender's guide.) The significant role that nanotubes play in the benefits and risks of nanotechnology, however, made it important that I try. You know what? It wasn't that hard to understand the basic concept of a nanotube, once I learned what an allotrope was.

Allotropes

Diamonds, the hardest known natural mineral, and the flaky graphite used in pencils are both made of carbon. How is it that they are so different? Pure carbon occurs as many different allotropes (structures which differ only in the way the atoms are arranged.) Allotropes generally differ in physical properties such as color and hardness.

Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of the element carbon. Buckyballs and nanotubes are two more. The diagram below shows how the atoms are arranged for each allotrope.

The discovery in 1985 of buckminsterfullerene (buckyball), opened a new era for the chemistry of carbon and for novel materials. The Japanese Sumi Ijima discovered nanotubes in 1991. The nanotubes synthesized in the laboratory showed remarkable mechanic properties as well as thermal conductivity and resistance to flame.

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

A nanotube is a long cylinder whose diameter is just a few nanometers. Most often, nanotubes are made of carbon. The carbon nanotube's structure can be thought of as a sheet of graphite (carbon atoms bonded in a chicken wire pattern) which has been rolled into a cylinder. The cylinder can be hundreds of microns long and capped at each end with half of a buckyball.

A nanotube can also contain multiple cylinders of different diameters nested inside one another. This type is called a multi-wall nanotube. A nanotube with just one cylinder is referred to as a single-wall nanotube. Other varieties of nanotubes include ropes, bundles and arrays.

The nanotube's structure is the key to determining its other properties such as elasticity, mechanical strength, electrical conductance and thermal conductivity.  

Sources:
Wikipedia
How Stuff Works
UNC at Pembroke
University of Bristol
Nanopedia

Nanotube and Buckyball Articles and Resources

What Is A Nanotube?
The Nanotube Site
A Carbon Nanotube Page
Nanotube Modeler
Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
Nanotube Animation Gallery
The Smalley Group - Rice University
Fullerene nanotechnology
Potential Applications of Nanotubes
Carbon Nanotubes and Buckytubes
Nanotubes to send signals to nerve cells
Nanotube applications
Nanotubes for Electronics

 

Nanotube Applications

Carbon nanotubes exhibit many unique and remarkable properties (chemical, physical, electrical and mechanical), which make them well-suited for a wide variety of applications. It is estimated that they are 100 times stronger than steel, at one-sixth of the weight. They conduct electricity better than copper and transmit heat better than diamond.

Sports equipment – As a result many sporting goods manufacturers are now devoting portions of their research and development budgets to nanotechnology. At this time golf clubs, tennis balls and rackets, and golf balls are being produced from nanomaterials.

Materials for vehicles – Nanocomposite materials are currently being used on production cars. The new materials are more scratch resistant and lighter. The impact of such nanocomposite materials is predicted to be quite significant as lower weight results in lower fuel consumption. Additionally, minor accident damage and could be eliminated.

Televisions and monitors – Organic light emitting diodes (OLED), color displays for car stereos and mobile phone displays that contain nano-structured polymer films. The use of these OLEDs may enable thinner, more efficient displays for other products such as cameras, laptops, PDAs, monitors and televisions.

Fiber and Fabrics – To prevent staining, tearing of fabrics and for electronic circuits in textiles. High strength fibers.

Nanofilters – A filter that is capable of filtering the smallest of nanoparticles in water, air, blood and other mediums.

Imaging - Quantum dots, nano-sized fluorescent particles, track movements of individual molecules in living systems.

Ultrahigh-speed flywheels - The high strength to weight ratio enables very high speeds to be achieved.

Chemical nanowires - Carbon nanotubes additionally can also be used to produce nanowires of other chemicals, such as gold or zinc oxide.

Films and displays - High reliability touch screens and flexible displays. Nanotube films and organic light emitting diodes show promise for use in displays for televisions, computers, cell phones, PDAs, and ATMs.

Solar cells and batteries - Nanotubes could improve the efficiency of batteries and solar cells.

More Nanotube Applications

Coatings for cutting tools
Conductive plastics
Energy storage
Conductive adhesives and connectors
Molecular electronics
Thermal materials
Structural composites
Catalysts
Artificial muscles
Waterproof surfaces
Carbon Nanotube Transistors
Micro-electronics / semiconductors
Conducting Composites
Controlled Drug Delivery/release
Supercapacitors
Field effect transistors
Single electron transistors
Nano lithography
Nano electronics
Doping
Nano balance
Nano tweezers
Data storage
Magnetic nanotube
Nanogear
Nanotube actuator
Molecular quantum wires
Hydrogen storage
Gas storage
Solar storage
Waste recycling
Electromagnetic shielding
Dialysis Filters
Thermal protection
Nanotube reinforced composites
Reinforcement of armor and other materials
Reinforcement of polymer
Avionics
Collision-protection materials
Fly wheels

Nanotube Radio

The Zettl Research Group has crafted a working radio from a single carbon nanotube.

Nanoradio

Carbon nanotubes used to reduce waste in cleanup of toxic chemicals

Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have demonstrated a new, environmentally friendly process for treating water contaminated by perchlorate, a toxic chemical that has been found in drinking water in 35 states.  

 
 

References

Article

Sources

What Are Nanotubes?

Article by futureforall.org

Nanotube Applications

Article by futureforall.org

 

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